{"id":316,"date":"2024-10-27T05:00:08","date_gmt":"2024-10-27T05:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/loopprofitai.com\/trend\/?page_id=316"},"modified":"2026-02-08T17:01:16","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T17:01:16","slug":"architecture","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"Architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"316\" class=\"elementor elementor-316\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4507358f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4507358f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2933c802 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2933c802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Architecture<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10b20b0b elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-start elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"10b20b0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:200}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Home<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-right-arrow\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Architecture<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6742cf35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6742cf35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dc2906 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3dc2906\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:200}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Toward 21st-Century Cellular Neurobiology-Inspired AI<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49600ae4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49600ae4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60424c86 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60424c86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:400}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-169ef7b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"169ef7b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/TREND1.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fc3641 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fc3641\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-340eb8c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"340eb8c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The brain is made up of billions of neurons, each receiving input from thousands of other neurons. In the 20th century, neurally inspired AI researchers assumed that neurons summed all their inputs to generate an output \u2014 a concept known as point neurons (PNs) (Hausser, 2001, Current Biology), on which most current brain theories and AI systems are based (LeCun, 2015, Nature).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17cca46 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"17cca46\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-035e47a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"035e47a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a1d813 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a1d813\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:400}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-564dbe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"564dbe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"507\" src=\"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TREND2-1024x649.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2117\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TREND2-1024x649.png 1024w, https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TREND2-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TREND2-768x487.png 768w, https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TREND2-1536x973.png 1536w, https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TREND2-2048x1297.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf30d8 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbf30d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f5235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32f5235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recent cellular neurobiology \u00a0(Larkum, 1999, Nature; Phillips, 2024, Trends in Cognitive Sciences; Marvan, 2024, Current Research in Neurobiology) and highly detailed modeling (Graham, 2025, Neural Computation) reveal how pyramidal two-point neurons (TPNs) in the mammalian neocortex minimize predictive error by amplifying the output when both receptive field (RF) input and contextual field (CF) input are activated, arriving at the basal and apical dendrites, respectively. Specifically, these neurons burst, i.e., fire briefly at high frequency, when both basal and apical compartments are simultaneously depolarized, signaling a match between context and input.<\/p><p>Four modes within the operation of neocortical pyramidal neurons include: (1) slow-wave (SW) sleep, or apical isolation (AI); (2) apical amplification (AA), supporting perception while largely excluding internally generated thought; (3) Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep and imaginative cognition during wakefulness, termed apical drive (AD); and (4) grounded imagination (AD + Awake).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09cb6ad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"09cb6ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9e6cb1 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9e6cb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:200}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Operations of neocortical pyramidal neurons in distinct mental states<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fde2401 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fde2401\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b785db6 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b785db6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:400}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4887560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4887560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/burst-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2134\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/burst-1.png 938w, https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/burst-1-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/burst-1-768x556.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8cc5e6 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8cc5e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d91183 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d91183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>(1) During slow-wave (SW) sleep (LL region), or apical isolation (AI), bursting probability is minimal, as bursts occur only when RF and CF inputs coincide; in this regime, apical input exerts no independent influence on neuronal output. (2) During apical amplification (AA) (HL region), moderate to high CF input typically amplifies FF transmission, resulting in a medium-to-high bursting probability. This cooperative, context-sensitive amplification supports perception while largely excluding internally generated thought. (3) When apical input is sufficiently strong, it can independently drive axonal output, during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep and imaginative cognition during wakefulness, termed apical drive (AD) (LH region), characterized by a high bursting probability. (4) When both apical and basal inputs are strong, the neuron enters a state associated with grounded imagination (AD + Awake) (HH region), where bursting probability is maximal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Architecture Home Architecture Toward 21st-Century Cellular Neurobiology-Inspired AI The brain is made up of billions of neurons, each receiving input from thousands of other neurons. In the 20th century, neurally inspired AI researchers assumed that neurons summed all their inputs to generate an output \u2014 a concept known as point neurons (PNs) (Hausser, 2001, Current [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-316","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/316","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=316"}],"version-history":[{"count":99,"href":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/316\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2140,"href":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/316\/revisions\/2140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmilab.org\/aichip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=316"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}